Constraints and Solution Alternatives for Integrated Geothermal Energy Potential Uses in Turkey

Abstract

From enthalpy point of view there are eleven geothermal fields in Turkey, which are apparently available for integrated geothermal energy uses. Namely, they are Kizildere, Tekkehamam, Ayd?n-Germencik, Salavatl?, Seferihisar, Balcova, Y?lmazkoy, Canakkale-Tuzla, Simav, Manisa-Caferbeyli and Manisa-Gobekli. The temperatures of the prospective fields are in the range of 100 to 242 oC. The potential of those fields is of great importance. The expected potential is as much as 75 MWe for single flash, 71 MWe for binary cycle and 1609 MWt for district heating applications.
For achieving the continuous development in both direct and indirect geothermal energy utilization, beside technological innovation the solution alternatives to corresponding operational and environmental restrictions have become necessary.
The chemical nature of the geothermal areas generally poses some technical constraints to developments. The fluids produced from the geothermal areas subjected to this presentation contain various quantities of soluble species and dissolved gases. The scaling of calcite and silica minerals is often associated with the utilization of geothermal fluid.
The objective of this paper is to put down the potential and problems associated with the utilization and offers a general description of the geothermal fields for achieving the continuous development in Turkey.