Environmental Impact Assessment of Geothermal Projects in Iceland

Abstract

There are some fundamental differences between energy projects in Iceland which have consequences for the efficiency and function of the EIA process. Most of the hydropower projects are well defined projects, i.e., the design, size and magnitude of the project is known when assessing the impact of the project. The characteristics of geothermal utilization can be very different. The utilization of geothermal energy is dynamic in nature, where the information is being gathered and processed continuously during the time of utilization. The paper discusses how the EIA Act and EIA process in Iceland function for geothermal projects and if it should be more flexible for such dynamic projects. The paper reviews geothermal projects, describing the main benefits and problems relating to the EIA process as well as the process of applying for consents and permits under various acts. The paper discusses possible solutions to the problems accounted for example using tools of planning, allowing more flexibility in the EIA, implementing more consultation among interest parties and agencies, and using area approach instead of structural approach.