Decision-Support and Modeling with Large Language Models for Geothermal Well Arrays

Abstract

Geothermal well arrays, which organize multiple geothermal wells into carefully planned geometric configurations, provide opportunities to enhance energy production capacity and increase fault tolerance. The development and adoption of these emerging geothermal technologies could be accelerated through the recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and high-level high-performance languages. A challenge in LLM-based applications is the reliability of the generated outputs, as they can be prone to subjective biases and “hallucinations”. This study assesses the potential of cutting-edge LLMs—such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Grok, and domain-specific models like AskGDR— as expert assistants that can synthesize insightful interpretations of complex geothermal data, as well as improve feature capabilities of geothermal models and numerical software. We developed a novel approach, leveraging Google's recently introduced AI assistant, NotebookLM, to accelerate the generation of unpublished quantitative geothermal s. The rapid generation of these evaluation instruments is essential for assessing the swiftly evolving capabilities of emerging language model technologies. In particular, we use these and LLM-based interviews to analyze opportunities and limitations of two promising technologies: geothermal well arrays and closed-loop coaxial wells. Furthermore, we present a case study illustrating how LLMs can facilitate auto-parallelization of geothermal numerical models. Our analysis emphasizes their application in digital twins and underscores the importance of high-level, high-performance code generation. This line of research could play a transformative role in the geothermal sector by enabling the next-generation of decision-support applications, integrating data analysis, informed recommendations, and more dynamic numerical modeling workflows.