Two main features of the Geology of Europe are the Mediterranean-Mjosa Zone, extending from the Mediterranean to Norway, and Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone along with its extension of Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. Both of those zones can be described mathematically with formulas describing division lines between convection rolls, then drawn as infinitively narrow theoretical lines, and the two main lines of the mantle current system are found to cross each other in Denmark at the geothermal plant on Amager in Copenhagen. This corresponds to the anticipated alignment of mantle convection rolls and how they affect the tectonic plates. The relevant formula has been derived according to information about inner layers of the Earth and the expected properties of convecting mantle within the said layers. The formula can also be derived from distinct geological features on the surface. The Reykjanes Ridge follows the mathematical formula of a circle, on a regular grid of latitudes and longitudes, centered on the 32nd parallel. Juan de Fuca, follows exactly the same formula as the Reykjanes Ridge, centered exactly 90 degrees farther to the west on the same parallel. The Rheine Graben, follows the same formula, also with central point on the said 32nd parallel, 45 degrees farther east than the Reykjanes Ridge mathematical central point. The Rheine Graben is 1.5 degrees wide from east to west, equal to the width of the East Volcanic Zone of Iceland. All this is in harmony with an analysis of a mantle convection rolls model, where each roll of the upper most layer has the width of 1.5 degrees, aligned according to the formula of a circle centered on the 32nd parallel. The rolls extend horizontally out from equatorial plane, swaying in harmony with rotation and shape of the Earth. The repeated occurrence of orientation according to the relevant mathematical formula is an argument for the real existence of a convection rolls system, where each main layer represents a set of parallelly aligned convection rolls. Referring to the complete mantle convection rolls model. On global scale, examining the so-called tectonic equator, the GPS Nasa database shows precise relationship between tectonic drift and the convection rolls model. It shows that tectonic drift is not random, and the surface shows resemblance to the active mantle current system underneath. The 30 degrees steps of main topographic delimitation precisely along equator, from the West Coast of South America to the Amazon Estuary, to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (a point of the same mathematical equation as the Reykjanes Ridge), to the West Coast of Africa, to the Great Rift Valley, to the Mid-Indian Ridge, to the Indonesian West Coast, to the Indonesian East Coast, indicates long-term (even though ever-changing) relationship between surface topography and convection rolls system of the mantle. Whereas the Convection Rolls Model indicates that large scale convection rolls of lower mantle should span 30 degrees from east to west each, the fit between theory and direct mapping is perfect, and the real existence of the said convection rolls is the only logical solution in sight. As the relevant mathematical solutions point directly to established sites of geothermal utilization, this knowledge should be useful for pinpointing new geothermal areas as well.

Press the Back button in your browser, or search again.

Copyright 2023, Stanford Geothermal Program: Readers who download papers from this site should honor the copyright of the original authors and may not copy or distribute the work further without the permission of the original publisher.