AN HOLISTIC APPROACH TO IMPACT ASSESSMENT: REVITALISING THE PRESENCE OF M?ORI VALUES FOR CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY IN GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The geothermal resources of Aotearoa New Zealand’s1 Taup? Volcanic Zone (TVZ) provided warmth and ample cooking capabilities for the first M?ori who settled in the region. Today, a wealth of M?ori values associated with geothermal resources exist within many M?ori communities of the TVZ. These M?ori geothermal values can be thought to be separated into three components that reflect the different types of concerns and interests to M?ori. The first component, being the spiritual component, was derived from the many M?ori myths that describe the origins of the TVZ’s geothermal resources and the super-natural implications associated with improper use of such resources. The values held within this spiritual component govern M?ori behaviour and respect towards geothermal resources. The second component, which concerns the values associated with cultural practices and customs, emerged from the long-standing historical uses and practical benefits of geothermal resources. Finally, in today’s context where a multi-worldview spectrum of stakeholders exists, and a competitive field of economic goals typically overrides cultural sustainability goals, the third component, which concerns M?ori political values, has emerged to ensure that M?ori do not lose out on opportunities in Aotearoa’s economic growth through geothermal development. The three resulting components of M?ori geothermal values are, customary, spiritual, and political, and are presented herein. In revitalising the representation of M?ori values within today’s ‘western-traditional’ impact assessment context, the three components are positioned alongside western values such as environmental, societal, and economical parameters. This parallel consideration of M?ori values and western values contributes to a more holistic overview of the geothermal development sector.