Shallow Geothermal Energy – Current Status and Potential in Turkey

Abstract

More than 75% of primary energy demand of Turkey is met from imported fossil fuels. This is not only a big burden on the economy, but also leads to environmental problems and energy security issues. Shallow geothermal is an abundant renewable energy source. If exploited properly, shallow geothermal systems can give alternative solutions to fossil fuel based energy systems. In Turkey, the first applications of ground source energy have started in early 2000. These early applications were mostly for single family houses seen in metropolitan areas. There were about 24 units with a total installed capacity of 586 kW in 2001. The most common ones were ground coupled or geothermal heat pumps that use horizontal boreholes or vertical pipes for energy extraction. Total capacity is estimated to reach 42 MW by 2012 covering a range of applications shopping malls, office buildings, hotels. Underground thermal energy storage (UTES) systems are at demonstration level at the moment. Currently, there are no regulations and standards for applying GHPs in Turkey. This paper aims to present the potential for shallow geothermal applications and give examples from existing GHP systems in Turkey. Energy savings and corresponding CO2 reduction calculations and economic impact are discussed. Recommendations for exploiting the shallow geothermal potential more effectively are also given.