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Common unix commands and programs on pangea
Copyright Phillip Farrell. Last revision December 8, 2004
The following is a list of commonly used Unix programs and useful
software installed on pangea, the School of Earth Sciences
AlphaServer DS20E computer running Tru64 Unix version 4.0g.
Program listings are organized by general subject categories. Keys preceded
by a ^ character are CONTROL key combinations. On pangea, use the
man program for more information on these programs, for example,
man cp
To find a program not on this list (and there are hundreds), try the man
program with the -k option followed by a keyword, for example,
man -k tape
to find all on-line manual entries that refer to programs that work with tapes.
Pangea also has access to the hundreds of public domain software packages,
including the complete GNU software, that are compiled by the central systems
group here on campus and made available via the AFS network file system. All of
these programs are also referenced by the man program. You can see
a list of these packages organized by category at the Index of Pubsw Software web site.
Terminal control characters for C-shell
| ^h, backspace |
erase previously typed character |
| ^u |
erase entire line of input so far typed |
| ^d |
end-of-input for programs reading from terminal |
| ^s |
stop printing on terminal |
| ^q |
continue printing on terminal |
| ^z |
suspend currently running job; restart with bg or fg |
| DEL, ^c |
kill currently running program and allow clean-up before exiting |
| ^\ |
emergency kill of currently running program with no chance of cleanup |
Also see a list of special characters that should not be used in filenames.
Login and authentication
| login |
access computer; start interactive session |
| logout |
disconnect terminal session |
| passwd |
change local login password; you
must
set a
strong password
that is not easily guessed |
| kinit |
obtain kerberos ticket for connections to other
kerberized computers |
| kdestroy |
destroy kerberos tickets (authorizations) |
| keeptoken |
request longer lifetime for kerberos ticket so
long-running jobs can access AFS files |
Information
| date |
show date and time |
| history |
list of previously executed commands |
| pine |
read or send email messages or networks news groups |
| msgs |
display system messages |
| man |
show online documentation by program name |
| info |
online documentation for GNU programs |
| w, who |
who is on the system and what they are doing |
| whoami |
who is logged onto this terminal |
| top |
show system stats and top CPU using processes |
| uptime |
show one line summary of system status |
| finger |
find out info about a user@system |
| whois |
look up information in the Stanford Directory |
File management
| cat |
combine files |
| cp |
copy files |
| ls |
list files in a directory and their attributes |
| mv |
change file name or directory location |
| rm |
remove files |
| ln |
create another link (name) to a file |
| chmod |
set file permissions |
| crypt |
encode/decode a file with a private key |
| gzip, gunzip |
compress/decompress a file |
| find |
find files that match specific criteria |
Display contents of files
| cat |
copy files to display device |
| more |
show text file on display terminal with paging control |
| head |
show first few lines of a file(s) |
| tail |
show last few lines of a file; or reverse line order |
| vi |
full-featured screen editor for modifying text files |
| pico |
simple screen editor for modifying text files |
| grep |
display lines that match a pattern |
| lpr |
send file to line printer |
| pr |
format file with page headers, multiple columns, etc. |
| diff |
compare two files and show differences |
| cmp |
compare two binary files and report if different |
| comm |
compare two files; show common or unique lines |
| od |
display binary files as eqivalent octal/hex codes |
| strings |
show printable text embedded in binary files |
| file |
examine file(s) and guess type: text, data, program, etc. |
| wc |
count characters, words, and lines in a file |
Directories
| cd |
change to new directory |
| mkdir |
create new directory |
| rmdir |
remove empty directory (remove files first) |
| mv |
change name of directory |
| pwd |
show current directory |
Devices
| df |
summarize free space on disk drive |
| du |
show disk space used by files or directories |
Special character handling for C-shell (See
man csh)
| * |
match any characters in a file name |
| ~user |
shorthand for home directory of user |
| $name |
substitute value of variable name |
| \ |
turn off special meaning of character that follows |
| ' |
in pairs, quote string with special chars, except ! |
| " |
in pairs, quote string with special chars, except !, $ |
| ` |
in pairs, substitute output from enclosed command |
Controlling program execution for C-shell (See
man csh)
| & |
run job in background |
|
DEL, ^c
|
kill job in foreground |
| ^z |
suspend job in foreground |
| fg |
restart suspended job in foreground |
| bg |
run suspended job in background |
| ; |
delimit commands on same line |
| () |
group commands on same line |
| ! |
re-run earlier commands from history list |
| jobs |
list current jobs |
| ps |
print process screen |
| kill |
kill background job or previous process |
| nice |
run program at lower priority |
| at |
run program at a later time |
| crontab |
run program at specified intervals |
| limit |
see or set resource limits for programs |
| alias |
create alias name for program (in .login) |
| sh, csh |
execute command file |
Controlling program input/output for C-shell (See
man csh)
| | |
pipe output to input |
| > |
redirect output to a storage file |
| < |
redirect input from a storage file |
| >> |
append redirected output to a storage file |
| tee |
copy input to both file and next program in pipe |
| script |
make file record of all terminal activity |
Email and communication
| pine |
process mail with fill-screen menu interface or read USENET news groups |
| msgs |
read system bulletin board messages |
| mail |
send/read email; can be run by other programs to send exisiting files via
email |
| uuencode, uudecode |
encode/decode a binary file for transmission via email |
| finger |
translate real name to account name for email |
| whois |
look up email addresses in the Stanford Directory |
| talk |
interactive communication in real-time (chat) |
| rn |
read USENET news groups |
Editors and formatting utilities
| sed |
programmable text editor for data streams |
| vi |
full-featured editor for character terminals |
| emacs |
GNU emacs editor for character terminals |
| xemacs |
GNU emacs editory for X Window terminals |
| pico |
very simple text editor, same as
pine
Compose
screen |
| fmt |
fill and break lines to make all same length |
| fold |
break long lines to specified length |
X Window client programs (output to X terminal or server)
| xterm |
provide login shell window |
| xauth |
manipulate authorization files |
| xload |
show system load |
| xman |
full screen online manual viewer |
| pinex |
send or recieve mail messages |
| xemacs |
GNU emacs editor |
| gv |
interface to contol gs to display PostScript or PDF files on screen |
| xdvi |
display DVI files on X Window (screen preview) |
| netscape |
web browser |
| gnuplot |
interactive data plotting on screen |
TeX typesetting system
| tex |
process TeX files to DVI (device independent) output |
| latex |
process LaTeX files to DVI |
| texpr |
process and print TeX and LaTeX in one step |
| dvips |
print DVI files on Postscript laser printer |
| xdvi |
display DVI files on X Window (screen preview) |
| latex2html |
translate LaTeX files to HTML (for web pages) |
Printing
| lpr |
send file to print queue |
| lpq |
examine status of files in print queue |
| lprm |
remove a file from print queue |
op lpc
abort qname |
abort print queue qname to clear printer (all files saved) |
op lpc
start qname |
restart print queue qname |
| enscript |
convert text files to PostScript format for printing |
Interpreted languages and data manipulation utilities
| sed |
programmable text editor for data streams |
| awk |
pattern scanning and processing language; 1985 vers. |
| perl |
Practical Extraction and Report Language |
| sort |
sort or merge lines in a file(s) by specified fields |
| tr |
translate characters |
| cut |
cut out columns from a file |
| paste |
paste columns into a file |
| dd |
copy data between devices; reblock; convert EBCDIC |
Graphics and mapping
| gnuplot |
interactive data plotting; outputs to PostScript or X Window |
| GMT |
general 2D and 3D data processing and plotting software package; also plots
maps |
| gs |
"ghostscript" converter displays PostScript files on X Window displays
or other devices |
Networking/communications
| klogin |
remote login to kerberized computer; encrypted |
| krsh |
execute single command on remote kerberized computer; encrypted |
| krcp |
remote file copy to/from kerberized computer; encrypted |
| ssh |
remote login/command execution; encrypted |
| scp |
remote non-interactive file copy; encrypted |
| sftp |
remote interactive file copy; encrypted |
| telnet |
remote network login - plain text password |
| ftp |
network file transfer program - plain text passwords |
| rlogin |
remote login to "trusted" computer that is not kerberized |
| rsh |
execute single command on remote "trusted" computer |
| rcp |
remote file copy to/from "trusted" computer |
| host |
find IP address for given host name, or vice versa |
| netscape |
web browser for X Window terminals/servers |
| lynx |
web browser for character based (text-only) terminals |
| kermit |
transfer files over modem connections |
| gzip, gunzip |
compress/decompress a file |
| tar |
combine multiple files/dirs into single archive |
| uuencode, uudecode |
encode/decode a binary file for transmission via email |
Compilers, interpreters and programming tools
| csh |
command language interpreter (C-shell scripts) |
| ksh |
command language interpreter (Korn-shell scripts) |
| sh |
command language interpreter (Borne-shell scripts) |
| f77 |
Compaq(HP) Fortran 77 compiler |
| f95 |
Compaq(HP) Fortran 90/95 compiler |
| f2c |
convert fortran source code to C source code |
| cc, c89 |
Compaq(HP) ANSI 89 standard C compiler |
| cxx |
Compaq(HP) C++ compiler |
| gcc |
GNU C compiler |
| g++ |
GNU C++ compiler |
| pc |
Compaq(HP) Pascal compiler |
| dbx |
command-line symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran |
| ladebug |
X Window symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran |
| make |
recompile programs from modified source |
| gmake |
GNU version of make utility |
| cflow |
generate C flow graph |
| error |
analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
Programming libraries (see man library_name)
| lapack |
Fortran 77 routines for numerical linear algebra (supersedes LINPACK and EISPACK) |
| X |
routines to interface with X window system (no man page -- get the X Toolkit
book) |
| dbm |
database routines |
| xdr |
library routines for external data representation |
| netcdf |
routines for machine independent data representation |
Tape manipulation and archiving
| mt |
manipulate tape drive and position tape |
| dd |
unformatted tape read and write; file conversion |
| tar |
archive disk files on tape or disk |
| ltf |
read/write ANSI standard label tapes |
Geology programs
| supcrt92 |
thermodynamic properties of high P/T reactions |
| diagram |
calculate activity phase diagrams from log K values |
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