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Publications of year 2002

Internal reports

1. S. Qadeer, W. E. Brigham, and L. M. Castanier. Techniques to Handle Limitations in Dynamic Relative Permeability Measurements.. Technical report, Stanford University, CA, USA, May 2002.
   [pdf]
   Keywords: Relative Permeability, JBN Model, Experimental Work, Analytical Model.

   Abstract

   The objective of this work was to understand the limitations of the conventional methods of calculating relative permeabilities from data obtained from displacement experiments. The Johnson, Bossler and Neumann (JBN) method is the industry standard for measuring relative permeabilities from field cores. It is known that the relative permeabilities calculated by the JBN method from low rate displacements are often in error due to the capillary forces. Sometimes history matching methods are used to calculate the relative permeabilities. Generally 1-D numerical models, that assume uniform initial saturation distribution, are used for this purpose. The pressure drop and recovery data generated from 2-D, r-z numerical simulations were used to study the errors introduced in the calculated relative permeability curves when using the JBN method. The results indicate that, because of the saturation gradients in the core, the relative permeabilities obtained from the JBN method show large errors at low water saturations. In this study, using the CT scanner to measure in situ saturations, it was observed that even at relatively high rates there are saturation gradients in the core after the drainage displacements. These saturation gradients cause additional pressure drop through the core. It is therefore recommended that control experiments should be conducted using some in situ saturation measurement technique to determine the extent of the end effects and the saturation gradients in the cores. The Berea sandstone cores, used in this study even after baking to deactivate the clays, were found to be sensitive to the brine used in the experiments. It is therefore necessary to conduct the laboratory experiments using fluids which are compatible with the rock.

   
   
   BibTex Entry:
   

   @TECHREPORT{TR128,
   TITLE ={Techniques to Handle Limitations in Dynamic Relative Permeability Measurements.},
   AUTHOR ={S. Qadeer and W. E. Brigham and L. M. Castanier},
   YEAR ={2002},
   month =may,
   INSTITUTION ={Stanford University, CA, USA},
   KEYWORDS ={Relative Permeability, JBN Model, Experimental Work, Analytical Model},
   URL ={http://ekofisk.stanford.edu/supria/publications/public/tr128.pdf},
   ABSTRACT ={The objective of this work was to understand the limitations of the conventional methods of calculating relative permeabilities from data obtained from displacement experiments. The Johnson, Bossler and Neumann (JBN) method is the industry standard for measuring relative permeabilities from field cores. It is known that the relative permeabilities calculated by the JBN method from low rate displacements are often in error due to the capillary forces. Sometimes history matching methods are used to calculate the relative permeabilities. Generally 1-D numerical models, that assume uniform initial saturation distribution, are used for this purpose. The pressure drop and recovery data generated from 2-D, r-z numerical simulations were used to study the errors introduced in the calculated relative permeability curves when using the JBN method. The results indicate that, because of the saturation gradients in the core, the relative permeabilities obtained from the JBN method show large errors at low water saturations. In this study, using the CT scanner to measure in situ saturations, it was observed that even at relatively high rates there are saturation gradients in the core after the drainage displacements. These saturation gradients cause additional pressure drop through the core. It is therefore recommended that control experiments should be conducted using some in situ saturation measurement technique to determine the extent of the end effects and the saturation gradients in the cores. The Berea sandstone cores, used in this study even after baking to deactivate the clays, were found to be sensitive to the brine used in the experiments. It is therefore necessary to conduct the laboratory experiments using fluids which are compatible with the rock.},
   
   }
   

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